Recycling and Dear Fellow Friends.standing

Recycling Good morning to our beloved teachers, Puan Rusni and my dear fellow friends. Standing here today,I would like to deliver a speech entitled,†Recycling. † According to the Asian Development Bank,rapid development,rising personal consumption and unprecedented levels of waste in Asia where cities will generate on estimated 1. 8 million tonnes of rubbish per day by 2025. In Malaysia alone,we produce over 15,000 tonnes pf rubbish daily and it is a matter of time before we run out of space to dispose them.In dealing with this phenomenon,we shall discuss some of the suggestions that all of us can adapt through the process of recycling to conserve the environment. One of the ways to recycle is to sell old newspapers to the junkman who will eventually send them to the recycling centres. By selling the old newspapers,we can earn some extra money at the price of RM0. 03 per kilogramme of old newspapers. Buying recycled paper is also another option. On the average,about 17 m arket sized trees are felled to produce a tonne of paper or one tree is felled to produce 20 reams of A4 size paper.Today,we recognise the limits of resource demand and this is the reason why recycled paper is critical part of our aspiration for a healthy global environment. We should also use both sides of a sheet of paper because it cultivates the habit of not being wasterful while saving our earth from further deterioration. In addition,glass bottles should be recycled. The energy saved by recycling a glass container can light a 100-watt bulb for up to four hours. Avoiding the use of plastic products is another recommended way to protect our Mother Nature because plastic is non-biodegradable,it may survive as long as 700 years.Apart from that,it is indispensably necessary for us to save water and electricity as much as possible. We have to save electricity because we are running fast out of fossil fuels. The fossil fuels saved by turning off the water taps while brushing our teet h. By doing this we can save the energy used to filter purify and transport the water to the end users. On the other hand,electricity can be saved by switching off the light,television,radio and fan before leaving any rooms.This is because the primary environmental impact of electricity consumption is the production of greenhouse gases which contribute to global warming. Hence,saving electricity is the key preserve our Mother Nature, Another advice that everyone ought to take head of is not to throw away leftover rice but instead,make fried rice,tamarind rice,pepper rice and yoghurt rice. This is because many poor nations of the Third World countries are suffering from famine and malnutrition due to accute shortage of food such as Mozumbigue and Sudun and Myannar.Lastly but not least,we can also use water for washing clothes to wash our parents'cars and other non-drinking purpose such as watering plants,washing toilets and mapping floors. As a conclusion,our planet is in a bad shape but most people choose to be indifferent to the effects initiated by the goverment to safeguard to dire condition of the environment. Majority of Malaysians choose to ignore the gathering storm clouds and hope the problem will magically take care of itslef.In Klang Valley,for instance,it produces more than 5000 tonnes of rubbish everyday which can cover the whole of Petronas Twin Towers,one of the tallest buildings in the world,in ten days and this is the reason why we must reduce,reuse and recycle. Whether the planet lives or dies,it depends on us and so,everyone plays a significant role by starting to recycle even from homes because a small change in behaviour has a measurable impact on our Earth. Thank you for lending me your ears. I hope all of you are benefited from my speech today.

Assignment Database

Else, you could wind up with a failure to rapidly record, sort and discover patients who have relating scenes of forethought, arrangements, authentic cases, and so forth. Similarly, you may need to guarantee that patients with open scenes of consideration, for example, those that are inpatients or are on a holding up rundown can't be erased or changed, on the grounds that such differentiations could have a risky impact on your database's honesty. Whether the issue causes lost or degenerate patient records, whichever way such audacious possibly be left unattached, gliding round your framework with no placeholder or legitimate way.In this manner, without referential trustworthiness you will be left with a database that can't run at an ideal execution level and is at danger from administrators. Referential Integrity empowers you to administer a predictable and approved database. Case in point, in a patient database you may need to guarantee that no patients could be entered into the fra mework without an extraordinary patient ID. Else, you could wind up with a failure to rapidly record, sort and discover patients who have comparing scenes of rethought, errands, authentic cases, and so on.Just as, you may need to guarantee that patients with open scenes of forethought, for example, those that are inpatients or are on a holding up rundown can't be erased or altered, on the grounds that such differentiations could have an unsafe impact on your database's honesty. Whether the issue causes lost or degenerate patient records, whichever way such audacious possibly be left unattached, drifting around your framework with no placeholder or coherent way. Consequently, without referential honesty you will be left with a database administrators. SIZE 4: QUEUE 5: QUEUE 6:Dater currently woven into each segment and capacity in the worldwide economy, and, in the same way as other key components of creation, for example, hard possessions and human capital, much of up to date invest ment movement basically couldn't happen without them. The utilization of Big Data -? extensive pools of death might be united and examined to perceive examples and settle on better choices -? will turn into the foundation of rivalry and development for unique firms, upgrading benefit and making huge worth for the world economy by decreasing waste and expanding the nature of items and administrations.As of recently, the torrent of defoliating our reality has been a marvel that likely just energize a couple of attends. At the same time we are presently at an intonation point. As stated by examination from the McKinney Global Institute (MGM) and McKinney & Company's Business Tech oenology Office, the sheer volume Of desecrated, put away, and dug for experiences has ended up financially pertinent to organizations, government, and buyers.The historical backdrop of past patterns in IT financing and improvement and its effect on intensity and benefit firmly propose that Big Data can have a comparable force, in reticular the capability to change our lives. The same preconditions that permitted past waves of IT-empowered advancement to power gainfulness, I. E. , innovation improvements emulated by the selection of reciprocal administration developments, are set up for Big Data, and we need suppliers of Big Data engineering and propelled logical proficiencies to have in any event to the extent that effect on benefit as suppliers of different sorts of innovation.All organizations need to take Big Data and its possibility to make esteem genuinely on the off chance that they need to contend. For instance, a few retailers grasping huge dataset the possibility to build their working edges by 60 for every penny. Enormous Data: another advantage The utilization of Big Data is turning into a vital path for heading organizations to beat their companions. In most businesses, built contenders and new contestants apparently equivalent will power derivative techniques to enhance, co ntend, and catch esteem.For sure, we discovered early samples Of such utilization of attain every area we inspected. In human services, dapperness are investigating the wellbeing results of pharmaceuticals when hey were generally recommended, and uncovering profits and dangers that were not obvious throughout fundamentally more constrained clinical trials. Other early adopters of Big Data are utilizing taproom sensors installed within items from youngsters' toys to modern merchandise to figure out how these items are really utilized as a part of this present reality.Such knowledge then advises the formation of new administration offerings and the outline of future items Enormous Data will help to make new development open doors and altogether new classes of organizations, for example, those that total and iciest industry information. A significant number of these will be organizations that sit amidst extensive data streams where outboard items and administrations, purchasers and sup pliers, purchaser inclination and plan might be caught and dissected.Forward-speculation pioneers crosswise over segments ought to start forcefully to fabricate their associations' Big Data competencies. Notwithstanding the sheer scale of Big Data, the continuous and high-recurrence nature of the dater likewise vital. Case in point, â€Å"miscasting,† the capacity to gauge measurements, for example, hopper certainty, quickly, something which formerly could just be carried out reflectively, is getting to be all the more broadly utilized, adding impressive force to expectation.Likewise, the high recurrence of tapestries clients to test speculations in close constant and to a level at no other time conceivable. We examined five spaces in profundity human services and retail in the United States, the general population segment in Europe, and assembling and individual area data(the area desecrated by the keen cell phones large portions of us now convey) universally and some compre hensively appropriate methods for leveraging enormous damagers. References (Insights & Publications, ND).

Critically appraise the value of the concept of 'inequality regimes' Essay

Critically appraise the value of the concept of 'inequality regimes' for understanding workplace inequalities - Essay Example They pathetically fail to understand the complex and intricate connectivity and linkages between the traditional and largely popular instruments of inequality that is gender, race and class (Ozbilgin ed. 2009). The notion of ‘inequality regimes’ exposes the intersectionality of the traditional modes and models of oppression resting on the foundations of gender, race and class (Acker 2006). The astuteness of this concept originates from its premise that the varied and isolated modes of oppression are in fact interrelated and connected, thereby perpetuating and propagating a system of oppression that escapes correction and rectification by virtue of its intricacy and cumbersomeness (Acker 2006). Once the co-relatedness of the individual and discrete forms of oppression and inequality is established and realized, it paves the way for identifying and isolating the barriers and impediments to the task of establishing equality at the workplace (Collins 2000). The limiting factor associated with the concept of inequality regimes is that it delves and elaborates on the inequalities rampant and practised at the workplace. According to Acker (2006), â€Å"inequality regimes are the interlocked practices and processes that result in continuing inequalities in all work organizations.† A more plausible line of argument would be that the realization and cognition of a situation of inequality is always associated with the complete life experience of women and coloured people (Acker 2000). The complete life experience includes both the professional and domestics life situations of the affected individuals and groups. However, pragmatically speaking, workplace represents the most appropriate venue for studying inequalities because not only a wide range of inequalities originate in organizations, but professional hubs also present a plausible and unique opportunity to trace the genesis and proliferation of inequalities in a

Imperialism'Race and Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Imperialism'Race and Development - Essay Example In the trade, more than twelve millions slaves were sold to European traders. The slaves were sold by the powerful African local leaders as per the order (McNeill 1990, p. 90). According to McNeill (1990, p 90), the trade was initiated by physical contact between the African countries and the new world countries which included North and South America. The physical contact between the American countries and Africa countries was facilitated by the invention of ship which enhanced the Atlantic Ocean navigation. The navigation of the Atlantic Ocean by European to the Africa continent was the genesis of the trade. Before the invention of the trans- Atlantic slave trade, Africa practiced slavery within the continent. Therefore, slave trade was not a new thing in Africa. The popularity of slave trade in Africa before the coming of North and South American slave traders fueled the business. During the time of slave trade, African slaves were exchanged with clothes and ornaments. However, the trans- Atlantic trade was and is still the largest and holistic slave trade in the world According to McNeill (1990, p. 230), Orientalism has to do with the way the non- Western culture is taken by the Western scholars, writers, and politicians. It portrays how the non Western societies are biased by the Western society. Orientalism is the art work of the 19th century artists who specialized on oriental subjects. The 19th century art was based specifically on drawing on the journey made to the Western Asia and North Africa. The artists in this field were referred to as orientalists. Orientalism has its origin in the European enlightenment and colonization of the Arab countries. The orientalists’ drawings at that time were very biased to the non- Western countries. The drawings and writings on the drawing portrayed African and Asian societies as very native and backward. The Orientalism done on those days

Short Research Paper on Audiences Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Short Research Paper on Audiences - Essay Example Modern approaches have holistically incorporated cultural and social aspects that were undermined by conventional approaches of engaging audience in media. Modern approaches have therefore proved to be very essential in ensuring that, audiences are fully engaged in media discussion and operations. Despite incorporating audiences’ cultural and social beliefs and perceptions, modern approaches have as well ensured that, audiences enjoy their participation in media dialogues and discussions. Moreover, present media services have instituted consistent and reliable means of ensuring that, audiences respond promptly to media activities and engagements. It is factual to conclude that, to a great extent, modern engagement approaches have significantly helped in enhancing audiences’ satisfaction with media services. The subsequent small-scale audience research project will be essential in enriching the understanding of modern audience approaches of enhancing media engagement wit h audience Research Question How does audiences approaches use, enjoy, respond, and engages with media? Research Statement Various media have in the recent decade been a very essential social instrument that facilitates harmonious interaction in modern society. Apart from informing community members on modern happenings and development, media have as well served as an exceptionally essential tool for educating community members. Moreover, researchers have rated media as one of the most critical players in enhancing social, political, and economic development. To enhance their efficiency in service delivery, modern media have instituted various mechanisms and plans of ensuring that, audiences are fully engaged in media services. Although researchers have identified various strategies of enhancing effective interaction between audiences and media, some approaches are especially essential in enhancing effective media customers engagement. The understanding of some of the most essential interaction and engagement approaches is an incredibly vital aspect in improving the quality of services offered by contemporary media institutions. Literature Review Over the years, the issue of the relationship between audiences and media has been a subject of debate among information and communication scholars as well as researchers from other social disciplines. Consistent studies have so far confirmed that, there is need for a firm and reliable mutual interaction between media and audiences. Information that is communicated by media services requires audiences’ contribution in order to realise its potential meaning and value (Treadwell 2011, p. 19). In most instances, some information do not have meaning if its lacks effective involvement of the targeted group. Based on the latest researches findings, modern scholars have highly valued the role and contribution of audiences in attaching meanings to the message that is communicated by media. At the basic level, audiences are very decisive actors in enhancing effective and meaningful communication in mass media. Media constructs and conveys information that is acquired from the various audiences. Audiences in most cases serve as immediate witnesses to some of the incidences that are reported by the media. Without the audiences, media could be inexistence. According to available research findings, to

Portfolio Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Portfolio Management - Essay Example This obviously shows that this theory is not entirely correct. The theory further interpreted shows that investors who thoroughly analyse the market are wasting their time. This theory was coined from the belief that, since the market was often efficient, then it was always efficient. This is however, not always true (Hagstrom, R. 2001, 158). The efficient market theory by Eugene Fama bases its argument on a number of assumptions. First is that all investors rationally seek to maximize the value of their investments. This means that the information that investors receive on their stock investments can make them react randomly either by overreacting or vice versa. This goes to say that they cannot be predicted or exploited thereof for the purpose of making a profit. Secondly, investors have easy and free access to information and can easily buy or sell stocks without breaking sweat. Third  is that, all investors in the stock market are in it to make money. This is true to some exten t. Based on these assumptions, one can conclude that all the information that people have that can affect stock prices is irrelevant since it has already affected the price (Hough, J. 2008, 26 -27). Similarly, if the stock price at any one time accurately reflects the value of the company then, stock traders cannot time their trades in a way to take advantage of inside information. Efficient market theory also shows that companies cannot manipulate their accounts to take advantage of investors by manipulating their stock prices. However, market dynamics and IT employ ordinary people who work in various companies neither of whom are consistent or efficient. Nevertheless, cases of companies manipulating their books and insider trading are evident in stock markets around the world (Studymode. 1999, 1). An academic spends time testing viable approaches to the market and comes up with conclusions that a practical player in the stock market will most likely differ with. This is because an individual practicing in the market will find completely different ways of benefitting from the market. A successful practicing trader in the market is characterized as practical, rational, able to keep their emotions in check and profit oriented (Schwager, J. 2008, 42). There a number of ways that one can benefit from an inefficient market. One is as simple as buying the under-priced stocks and short the overpriced ones. It is obviously a much more complex undertaking than it seems. Timing and information is any investor’s best asset when it comes to this. As everyone is scrambling to buy stocks and bonds from large companies, one can take this opportunity to target the smaller upgraded companies that others seem to overlook. The stock and bond prices for these companies are sure to be at a bargain since there are fewer players in this pool. One of the most overstated but true investment rules that few seem to follow is to diversify. Diversifying one’s investment por tfolio is a sure way to reduce the risk of losses all the while increasing the chances of good returns on investment. Diversifying however does not just mean investing randomly in different companies. Real application of diversification in investments refers to owning stocks or bonds spread amongst an array of sectors in the market. Diversification does not cost the investor anything and is referred to as free insurance in the

The Strategic Causes of Conflict - What caused the 1991 Gulf War Essay

The Strategic Causes of Conflict - What caused the 1991 Gulf War - Essay Example There are other reasons for war such as ethnic and religious killings among others. War has become part of human beings and for a long time, it has really affected them. Generation after generation, nations have sent their youths to the fields to participate in these wars. Some have died in these wars as war does not discriminate. The costs of these escapes are very evident and some have been very severe1. For example, a look back to the damages that the First World War brought to the political structure of Europe makes it possible to understand the effects of war, and fight to stop its causes. 2 It is not a surprise to find that most historians are less concerned on the causes of war and have tended to concentrate on the causes of peace. This is not sufficient because the absence of peace is as a result of the war. Therefore, it is very important to look at the causes of a war rather than look for ways to bring peace after a war has already happened. The aim of this paper is to dig deep to the events that triggered the gulf war of 1991, and briefly shed light on the consequences of that war. What is the Meaning of the Term War? Before embarking on discussing the Gulf war that took place in 1991, there is need to clearly understand the meaning of the term war. There are many definitions of the term war, but only one definition will be used in this paper. The term war refers to the large scale violent conflict that occurs between organized groups that have already established governments or at times, those that seek to one day establish their own.3 Something that should be noted is that not all conflict is war, but only the large scale conflict is referred to as war. Therefore, the Gulf war of 1991 suits the description of war, as it involved large scale conflict. As mentioned earlier, this paper will concentrate on the causes of the Gulf War that took place between the American military and their supporters, and the Iraqi government in the year 1991. First, her e is a brief on the general causes of any kind of war and the meaning of the term war. General Causes of War The televisions, radios, and newspapers constantly remind people that the world they live in is not a world that has absolute peace. Day in day out, the reports are showing different nations being affected by conflict. For example, Somalia is country that has suffered warfare for many years. Statistics about wars are always frightening and since the Second World War, most of the social scientists have made great efforts, to attempt to identify the causes of interstate wars. Many researches have shown that there is no single master cause of war, but rather, the causes are different. Most of the wars occur as a result of a number of important causes and due to this, many states have found it difficult to solve their differences to bring about peace.4 Some have tended to argue that banning of nuclear weapons will help in eliminating the causes of war in the world. I tend to argu e otherwise because there are other root causes of wars around the world and some may come as a surprise. The following are different classes that can be used to classify the causes of war: Individual level causes: The causes of war in this category are normally short term and immediate. These are causes such as a leader’s personality. A leader’s personality on occasion plays an important role in the way he or she reacts to stressful situations. For example, a leader

3.Define foreign direct investment (FDI). Discuss and evaluate five Essay

3.Define foreign direct investment (FDI). Discuss and evaluate five different effects (positive and negative) that FDI can have on host country economies - Essay Example This assignment will cover the definition and effects of foreign direct investment on the host country’s economy. Foreign direct investment refers to a form of investment, where a company from one country decides to make a physical investment in another country by putting up an industrial unit in another country. The direct investment in machinery, buildings and equipment contrasts a portfolio investment that is considered as making an indirect investment (Gregory 1997, p. 33). Currently, with the rapid growth and transformations in global investment patterns, the definition has widened to include the acquirement of a lasting management interest in an entity outside the investing company’s home country. Going by this definition, therefore, Foreign Direct Investment may take various forms such as; direct acquisition of a foreign entity, building of a facility, or investing in a joint venture with a local firm. One of the principal effects of the foreign direct investment is diffusion of technology. A foreign direct investment encourages the entity seeking investment in the foreign country to use different technologies in the production process (Razin 2008, p. 64). The firm uses its own technology in buildings and the way of doing business. In so doing, people in the host country acquire new technologies and skills from the foreign entity, which they apply in the production process. Use of the acquired skills and technology in the production process assist the host country increase its productivity. Through the increment in production, the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the host country is increased considerably, which promotes economic growth (Moran 2005, p. 64). FDI provides the host country with increased physical stock. The increase in the physical stock increases the productivity rate of the host country. This adds up to the country’s income. In addition, the FDI provides the host country with finances for investment, which adds up to

Group Development Model Essay Example for Free

Group Development Model Essay You are required to organize your company dinner. The company has chosen 20 people from various departments to be in the dinner committee. Using a group development model, discuss the stages that the group will go through from the beginning to the end of the task (organizing dinner). A group is defined as two or more interacting and interdependent individuals who come together to achieve specific goals. Formal groups are working groups defined by the organizational structure that have designated work assignment and task. Informal groups are groups that is independently formed to meet the social needs of their members. There are five stages in a group development model which are forming, storming, norming, performing and adjourning. The forming stage in which people join the group and then define the group’s purpose, structure and leadership. Team members tend to behave quite independently. The members of the team get to know one another, exchange some personal information, and make new friends. Supervisors of the team tend to need to be directive during this phase. From 20 people, I will decide who is going to be decorating sub committee, food sub committee, funding sub committee, marketing sub committee, program sub committee, and volunteer sub committee. Because of they are from different departments, they tend to know each other first before they start working. They have to determine what activities and programs are already in place and serving the needs of the community. Determine the need for the dinner and availability of resources. The next stage is storming. Storming stage characterizes by intragroup conflicts and disagreement among group members. Team members open up to each other and confront each others ideas and perspective. Normally tension, struggle and sometimes arguments occur. Supervisors of the team during this phase may be more accessible, but tend to remain directive in their guidance of decision-making and professional behavior. All the subcommittee has to set goals for the dinner. They have to know their target population and their desired objective or outcome. They have to brainstorm ideas and at this stage all ideas are good ideas. They also can explore the idea of partnership to share the workload or get mileage out of the work they do. The third stage of group development is norming stage. It is characterized by close relationships and cohesiveness. The team manages to have one goal and come to a mutual plan for the team at this stage. Some may have to give up their own ideas and agree with others in order to make the team function. In this stage, all team members take the responsibility and have the ambition to work for the success of the teams goals. The sub committee now able to find a leader among them and establish a small but effective working group with a broad range of skills that is able to function as a team. The subcommittee also has to compare the skills and abilities of the committee members against the task to be performed to determine what training is required. Besides that, they have to determine the actual fiscal resources necessary. The fourth stage of group development is performing stage when the group is fully functional and work on group tasks. The team members are now competent, autonomous and able to handle the decision-making process without supervision. Supervisors of the team during this phase are almost always participative. Even the most high-performing teams will revert to earlier stages in certain circumstances. At this stage, all sub committees implement what they plan before. They are co-operating together and help each other to succeed the dinner. Each member knows their responsibilities and tasks. The marketing subcommittee has to publicize to catch the attention of their target group and make them want to seek more information about the dinner. The program subcommittee has to make sure all needed material such as equipment is on hand and in good working order. The final stage of group development stage is adjourning stage which group members are concerned with wrapping up activities rather than task performance. This stage involves completing the task and breaking up the team.

What is Public health and Community health Essay Example for Free

What is Public health and Community health Essay Public Health is an aspect of Health Services concerned with threats to the health of the population of a community based on population health analysis. It generally includes surveillance and control of infectious disease and promotion of healthy behaviors (health promotion) among members of the community. Both vaccination programs and free distribution of condoms are Public Health measures. Public Health promotes not simply the absence of disease but mental, physical and emotional well-being (Public Health). Community Health is a discipline that concerns itself with the study and the betterment of the health characteristics of a given community. While the term community can be defined, community health tends to involve everyone working together (Public Health). What is type of structure and function at each level of government? The type of structure of each level of government and their functions tend to overlap in regard to how the dilemma of teenage pregnancy is handled. Although on a national level, in 2006, in more than 10 years, for the first time, teenage pregnancy increased to 3% from 2005 to 2006. At a state level, in 2005, Texas had the highest number of teenage births accounting for 62 births per 1000 women, in addition to New Mexico, Mississippi, Arkansas, and Arizona possessing the same number of teenage pregnancies. New Hampshire was the state with the lowest teenage births, 18 births per 1000 women, in addition to Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and New Jersey possessing the same number of teenage pregnancies (Hamilton, 2009). From a local level, it is like trying to figure out, which came first, the chicken or the egg? Some causes of negative outcomes for teenage pregnancy are educational failure, poverty, unemployment, and low esteem could result from early child bearing before the female is ready. In 2006, a study conducted, has released that adolescents watching sexuality on television and in the media, are more likely to have sex out of curiosity. How are the levels of government working together? Each level of government support promising approaches such as abstinence education, family planning, Adolescent family life program, which was enacted in 1981 as an approach to prevent teenage pregnancy, community collaborations and youth development programs for boys and young men. All the levels of government share the same ideal goals and directives for young people. Although teenage pregnancies have decreased, it is not apparent in all regions, due to increased incidence of teenage pregnancy seen in some areas. The message is the clear ways need to be provided to help with decreasing the incidence of teenage pregnancy. Questions have been identified regarding if a 50% decrease in the 1998 levels will be met by the 2010 target date. As a way of reminding the students that abstinence is the best way to prevent pregnancy and diseases, some schools are offering the â€Å"abstinence only† education. Virginity pledges have become quite popular in this day for some young people, making a point. Conclusion Some health departments give out condoms to young women along with advice on ow to use the contraceptive. Laws against child marriage have been put into place, yet people are still marrying young people barely able to make good choices for themselves. All parents should take action by making sure that branches of government and health and education services work together, including helping them work effectively, get better support for teenage mother, including ways to obtain better education, better childcare, in addition to providing a way for them to obtain housing. Advising, counseling, and providing support can make a difference in their young lives.

Determining Concentrations with Spectrophotometer

Determining Concentrations with Spectrophotometer To learn how to make a spectrophotometer accurately and interpret the data recorded to construct a graph and obtain a standard curve using excel. To learn how mathematical calculations of the absorbance readings and of unknowns to get the standard curve of a concentration value from the curve. Method: Refer to Proc 2048 Biochemical Engineering Lab Manual Exercise 1- The Spectrophotometer Absorbance readings of Methyl Orange and Bormophenol Blue were recorded for a range of wavelengths from 400 to 700nm intervals, zeroing the apparatus with a distilled water blank after each change in wavelength. Exercise 2: Determination of Glucose Concentration Each of the standard glucose solutions and the unknown solutions were tested in spectrophotometer using a wavelength of 580nm and absorbance readings were taken for each. Exercise 3- Determination of Yeast concentration Similarly to the glucose experiment absorbance readings of different standard and unknown yeast concentrations were recorded at a wavelength of 600nm. Unknown solutions U and V were also diluted to a 1:2 ratio with distilled water as the concentrations are too high and fall outside the acceptable absorbance range. Calculations: Unknown glucose calculations y = 0.1836x 0.008, Solve for x gives Subbing in absorbance values for each unknown glucose solution gives: Unknown yeast calculations y = 0.557x + 0.003 Solve for x gives Subbing in absorbance values for each unknown glucose solution gives: U and V need to be multiplied by 2 after calculation as they were diluted in a 1:2 dilution Discussion: In exercise 1 different wavelengths was used and the absorbance in the graph increasing then decreases and then slightly increasing. The colour contributes to where the max absorbance occurs and the concentration affects the intensity of the peaks. For instant the parts blue and the parts yellow light is a green colour. This is the light that we see, and therefore the wavelengths of light to pass through the absorbance with the minimum in terms of all other waves of light absorbance higher. Spectrum analysis of pure sugar solution would be impossible for any absorbance that can happen is the solution to be transparent and any suspended particles. This means that solutions need glucose to the reaction with 1 ml of 3.5 acid Dinitrosalicylic (Domain Name System) to form amino 3, 5 Nitrosalicylic acid, a compound color absorbs light strongly in all parts of 580nm. This enables us to use spectral analysis to determine the focus. This applies only if the intensity of the color of the product is directly proportional to the concentration of the reactants. In this case, glucose concentration is directly proportional to the amount of amino 3, 5 Nitrosalicylic acid producers such as the Stoichiometry of the reaction is 1:01, and most of this focus is not to reach a balance It is important that the blank or zero concentration used for this experiment is not just distilled water but 1ml of DNS and distilled water made up to the same volume as the other samples, as the unreacted DNS in our glucose solutions is contributing to the colour of the solution as well as the 3-Amino,5-Nitrosalicylic Acid. In exercises 3 yeast is basic in terms of chemistry is based on the physics. By increasing the concentration, the absorbance will increases in yeasts solutions however they are not coloured but they are block and scatter, so some the light will not go through them. And this because we are dealing with suspended particulate matter, and not resolved ions. Blot out the light commensurate with the focus so that we can find the concentrations of unknown values of absorbance. It is important to shake well before taking the sample absorbance reading such as yeast, particles and settle to the bottom, that mean if we are not shaken them, so they will give us a lower absorbance reading. Questions Exercise 2 The cuvettes have different surfaces for two reasons. The frosted ridged sides are so no light escapes out the sides of the cuvette giving a false reading. The other reason they have 2 different sides is so that you dont handle the transparent sides directly as oils or dirt from your fingers could increase the absorbance and give inaccurate results Particles in solution (just like in the yeast experiment) affect the absorption reading by blocking or deflecting light away from the detector therefore the particles in a coloured would increase the absorbance and give inaccurate results, unless the concentration and size of the particles is constant with all tests conducted then it would not affect the calculated results. A standard curve in spectrophotometric analysis is a linear trendline that fits through your experimental data. It is calculated by measuring absorbance readings at a range of different concentrations and plotting them against each other. A linear regression done my excel or other means is calculated for the points and an equation in terms of absorbance (Y) and concentration (X) is formed and you can use this equation to calculate unknown concentrations from absorbance readings. Exercise 3 The cuvettes have different surfaces for two reasons. The frosted ridged sides are so no light escapes out the sides of the cuvette giving a false reading. The other reason they have 2 different sides is so that you dont handle the transparent sides directly as oils or dirt from your fingers could increase the absorbance and give inaccurate results Firstly dilute the dye to an adequate concentration with distilled water .Find the maximum absorbance of the diluted dye by testing absorbances at a range of different wavelengths ensuring you zero with distilled between each wavelength. Take some of the dye and dilute it with distilled water to about 6 8 different concentrations i.e. 1:100 à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   1:10, depending on what absorbance readings you get adjust the dilutions to fit in a range of 0 à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   0.8 as that is where the Beer-Lambert Law applies. Using the max absorption wavelength you would then prepare a standard curve for the dye by measuring absorbance of each of the diluted concentrations. Plot the absorbance vs concentration and use a linear regression to form an equation. Take a sample of the waste water and filter off any suspended particles to increase the accuracy of the absorbance reading. Finally measure the absorbance of the sample diluting accordingly if absorbance is not in the required range. Using th is absorbance value in your standard curve equation calculate the concentration and multiply by your dilution factor if the sample was diluted. Assuming you already have a standard curve and equation for the nitrate complex for a range of 0 à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   1.5 mg/L. All you need to do is dilute your sample from your suspected 55 mg/L to fall in the concentration range of 0 à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   1.5 mg/L. So a 1:50 or a 1:100 dilution would be enough to give you 1.1 mg/L or 0.55 mg/L respectively. Then the sample is ready for spectrophotometer analysis. Conclusion: All of the yeast and sugar were obtaining accurate test results with the value of R2 (0.99) for each of the trend lines and graphs. 99% accuracy meaning that lines fits for most the points. The process was a good knowledge to learn and it is useful to understand the Beer-Lambert law and his applications.

Free Narrative Essays - Surfing the Crowd :: Personal Narrative Essay Example

Surfing the Crowd In my mind it was my biggest act of courage. It was far from a heroic deed, but I overcame all my anxieties for an adrenaline rush that can still be felt through my memories. Closing my eyes and thinking back to that hot, summer night I can still hear the sweet riffs of punk rock in its purest form. The drummer was on fire. The bassist was pure power. And the front-man had turned everyone in the crowd, including myself, into pure energy. My music had wrapped itself around and around inside of me. It took away my inhibitions and filled me with a new confidence. I had the power to do anything, if only for that one set. I wanted to be on top of the world! From the moment that thought had entered my head, I knew that I could make that aspiration come true. The answer was to crowd surf. It was something I had never done before; getting up over everyone's heads and letting them push you towards the stage. Though at that moment I felt almost immortal, pangs of nervousness balled up in my stomach. Would I make it all the way to the front? What if I fell? But the biggest question I asked myself was should I do something that I have never done before? Once I let my thoughts return to the music, I knew what lie ahead of me. I tapped the nearest "big guy" on the shoulder and pointed towards the ceiling; the universal signal on the concert floor. He nodded, grabbed my foot, and pushed me on top of the crowd. Once I was up there was no turning back. Soon strong hands were surfing me towards the stage. I had the best view in the house and reveled in the moment. I was fueled by an adrenaline rush that was only heightened by the fusion of the music and the energy of the crowd.

Token ring :: essays research papers

Token ring is a local area network protocol which resides at the data link layer (DLL) of the OSI model. It uses a special three-byte frame called a token that travels unidirectionally around a star-wired logical ring. Token ring frames travel completely around the loop. The name 'Token Ring' is misleading since the physical topology is a loop. Each station passes or repeats the special token frame around the ring to its nearest downstream neighbor. This token-passing process is used to arbitrate access to the shared ring media. Stations that have data frames to transmit must first acquire the token before they can transmit them. Token ring LANs normally use differential Manchester encoding of bits on the LAN media. Token ring was invented by Olof SÃ ¶derblom in the late 1960s. It was later licensed to IBM, who popularized the use of token ring LANs in the mid 1980s when it released its IBM token ring architecture based on active multi-station access units (MSAUs or MAUs) and the IBM Structured Cabling System. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers or IEEE (http://www.ieee.org) later standardized a token ring LAN system as IEEE 802.5 (http://www.ieee802.org/5/). Token ring LAN speeds of 4Mbps, 16Mbps, 100Mbps and 1Gbps have been standardized by the IEEE 802.5 working group. Token ring networks had significantly superior performance and reliability compared to early shared-media implementations of Ethernet (IEEE 802.3), and were widely adopted as a higher-performance alternative to shared-media Ethernet. However, with the development of switched Ethernet, token ring architectures lagged badly behind Ethernet in both performance and reliability. The higher sales of Ethernet allowed economies of scale which drove down prices further, and added a compelling price advantage to its other advantages over token ring. Token ring networks have since declined in usage and the standards activity has since come to a standstill as switched Ethernet has dominated the LAN/layer 2 networking market. The Token Frame When no station is transmitting a data frame, a special token frame circles the loop. This special token frame is repeated from station to station until arriving at a station that needs to transmit data. When a station needs to transmit a data frame, it converts the token frame into a data frame for transmission. The special token frame consists of three bytes as follows: Starting Delimiter - consists of a special bit pattern denoting the beginning of the frame. The bits from most significant to least significant are J,K,0,J,K,0,0,0. J and K are code violations.

Marxist Understanding of Family Essay

Examine the Marxist contribution to our understanding of the family The Marxists society view family through the eyes of capitalism and that the proletariat (the working class) solely benefit the bourgeoisie (the ruling class), whereas a functionalists perspective of family is that they should benefit both society and individual members of the family, however, Marists argue family is simply an instrument of the ruling class. Marxists believe family in today’s society perform key ideological functions for capitalism, a set of ideas/beliefs that justify inequality, a system that persuades the public into accepting this is a fair and natural way to act in society. Capitalism is an economic system in which private ownership controls all of the means of production for profit and exploits the proletariat class, selling their products for more money than paying the working class for their labour. Benefits that the family provide through capitalism include the inheritance of private property, socialisation into acceptance of inequality and a source of profits – all of these which do not benefit the members of the family. Capitalism leads to family playing a major role in profits as they are the market for the sale of consumer goods. Family fulfil this role by persuading families to ‘keep up with the Joneses’ by consuming the latest products, ‘pester power’ which persuades parents to spend more on their children, especially if their child do not have the latest gadgets, clothes etc. nd being mocked because of this. The capitalist system requires nuclear monogamous relationships as it is needed for private ownership, as said by Friedrich Engels. A sociologist, Friedrich Engels, alongside Karl Marx, studied family from a Marxist perspective and traced the changes of family to the mode of production. Engels explains that society has not always been exploited by the bourgeoisie, in fact, the means of production were collectively owned. Engels theorized that as society changed, more restrictions of norms and values in a family were placed on sexual relationships and the production of children. Primitive communism was described as a large promiscuous horde; however, family and marriage have evolved through stages which included polygyny evolving into the monogamous nuclear family. This form of family is believed to have developed to solve the problem of inheritance of private property because there would be no confusion about the paternity of their offspring, whereas a promiscuous horde would have difficulty defining who the father of their offspring was. Gough approves of Engel’s views claiming they have a ‘sound basis’ agreeing that when the means of production is shared tend to be have larger units, however, as the means of production moves towards private ownership, the family size decreases. Nevertheless, criticisms against Engels’ theory by Lewis Henry Morgan claimed Engels’ studies are a ‘figment of his imagination’, due to the fact Morgan found out that monogamous marriages and the nuclear family existed. However, Eli Zaretsky’s view on family is linked to the Marxist view, that they are just a unit of consumption – the ‘major consumer of capitalist products’ – and that the ‘modern capitalist society creates an illusion’ of private family life as the family cannot meet its family’s needs. Zaretsky sees that the family is an apparent ‘safe haven’ due to the fact individuals were alienated at work which built up stress, however, families were unable to provide for the personal needs of its members. Family basically provided satisfactions which were unavailable out in public. Zaretsky argues that the ideology of the private family life is separate from the economy as he also feels the bourgeoisie exploit the proletariat for their own gains. Marxists feel that there are many institutions that the capitalist system are maintaining within society such as education – which provides secondary socialisation which prepares children for adult life, working for the bourgeoisie, and institution of healthcare from the NHS who provides free healthcare. This is also seen to benefit the bourgeoisie as free medical care for patients mean they will recover quicker in order to go back to work and serve interests of capitalism. However, these perspectives from a Marxists view of family are highly criticized for being too deterministic, not giving enough credit to individuals, overly emphasizing the importance of the economic system’s effect on family structures. Critics also suggest Marxists are too negative on family, ignoring realistic benefits of the family such as intimacy and mutual support rather than reproduction just to provide the next generation. Also, this perspective on family is proved to be very outdated as the rise of alternative family and types of household have changed within society over the years and the fact that Marxism blame capitalism for lack of responsibility in individuals, even in non-capitalist countries such as Cuba, where do the problems come from there if they do not suffer capitalism? Other opposing perspectives of the Marxist view on family come from Feminists who argue that Marxists emphasize on social class, underestimating the importance of gender inequalities within the family and Functionalists such as Parsons believe that family are not present to serve capitalism. Talcott Parsons believes the family is like a ‘warm bath’ in which family life helps individuals relieves their stresses from work at home. To conclude, the Marxist view of family proves to be quite negative on the concept of family, stating that the proletariat are being exploited by the bourgeoisie as a unit of consumption (said by Zaretsky), and other than that, serve no other purpose but to reproduce for the inheritance of property (said by Engels). Edmund Leach, although not a Marxist, has a consensus view of family, pointing out problems found within the nuclear family, presenting a pessimistic view of the family. Leach says that today’s domestic household is isolated with large amounts of emotional stress in individuals which results into the nuclear family becoming ‘like an overloaded electrical circuit’ causing ‘fuses to blow due to high demands’. Because of this, conflict is present – parents begin to fight and children rebel. Leach’s view is diametrically opposed to the Functionalists as Parsons feels that the nuclear family makes up a supportive unit, whereas Zaretsky thinks that this view is too positive and this ‘happy family’ is an illusion and is a fake impression of reality. However, Engels believe that the nuclear family did not exist in pre-industrial society, but promiscuous hordes did – now in today’s society, that has changed due to serial monogamy being seen as a set norm and inheritance can function for capitalism. Feminists disagree saying that this perspective ignores gender, Morgan stating that Engels has imagined this theory and Functionalists claiming the nuclear family is in fact a natural process, not deliberately changed for the bourgeoisie.

Essay on “Let Teenagers Try Adulthood” Essay

Leon Botstein’s â€Å"Let Teenagers Try Adulthood† talks about how high schools are obsolete and why they should be abolished. He feels that schools are run like a popularity contest and that high school is a waste of time. Botstein goes on to say that how well a school does in teams sports is how well the community will support that school. He also believes that high schools should be abolished since children don’t learn anything and the rules they play by in school are not the same rules of life. Botstein also thinks that since teenagers are maturing at earlier ages that they should be allowed to make adult decisions at earlier ages as will. According to Botstein, junior high schools should be removed and replaced with a K-10 school and the graduation age of 18 should be dropped to 16. Botstein states â€Å"At 16, young Americans are prepared to be taken seriously and to develop the motivations and interests that will serve them well in adult life.† (Bot stein, 2007)Leon Botstein made some good points as to why high schools should be abolished, but getting rid of high schools is not the answer. He neglects to say that high schools are there to help teenagers develop the skills they need to succeed in life. The American high school needs to make a couple of changes to be more effective in helping teenagers develop the skills to succeed in life. The school system should try to implement a little more diversity in the school. Like Botstein said â€Å"they need to enter a world where they are not in a lunchroom with only their peers.† (Botstein, 2007)Schools should make it a graduation requirement that all students take a class on leadership and how to handle work when they are under pressure. These types of classes will help prepare them for situations they will encounter in life. It is important that we prepare these teenagers for leadership roles. Although some might say that these skills are learned through the work force it is better to prepare them for the future rather than let them fail. Another skill that teenagers will need in life that is developed in high school is  their communication skills. In high school all teenagers do is communicate with each other. Even though Botstein does not believe that missing this social interaction would matter, it really does. In life everyone needs some sort of social interaction. When someone applies for a job they need to be able to talk to the employer, they need to be able to communicate instructions to others. These communication skills are all learned while students and teenagers are in high school. If high schools are removed from our society, many people will not be learning important skills and they will not be able to have a successful life. If two years of high school is cut think of the impact it would have on society. We would be sending teenagers out into the world who are not ready for it. The classes that are taken in junior high and high school are important to everyone. While in junior high and high school the students are learning how to fine tune their skills they need to be able to go out into the world and succeed. Without these schools students would not develop the skill they need to be able to make deadlines, how to use their time wisely to be more efficient. Sure these things can be learned in the workforce, but wouldn’t you wa nt to hire someone who was already prepared instead of spending the extra money to train them. When Botstein talks about the problem with the high school system is the poor quality of recruitment and training for high school teacher he is absolutely correct. He fails to talk about why it is this way. As Americans we don’t put enough money into our education system. The money that we spend on professional athletes could be used to better prepare our teachers. Some teachers feel that they shouldn’t work hard because they are not getting paid enough to do their job correctly. You find better quality teachers in colleges because the pay is better. College professors are getting paid between 20,000 – 40,000 more than high school teachers. We as Americans need to re-evaluate our budget and put more money into our school system so that we can get the kind of teachers we know out teenagers really deserve. Botstein states that â€Å" adults should face that fact that they don’t like adolescents and that they have used high school to isolate the pubescent an d hormonally active adolescent away from both the picture-book idealized innocence of childhood and the more accountable would of adulthood.† (Botstein, 2007) That is definitely not the case; we might dislike some adolescents but not all. There are some adults who do not know how to handle  the changes that these adolescents are going throw, but isolating them is not the answer. We as adults need to find a way to educate these adolescents as well as their parents about these changes and how to deal with them. If we can find a way to implement this in the high school program than abolishing high school wouldn’t be an option to fixing the problem. We as Americans need to stop thinking about a quick solution to a problem and starting thinking about long term solutions that will actually work. If we decide to remove high school from our society and allow adolescents to graduate at the age of 16 instead of 18 we will be destroying our society. Sure adolescents mature at an early age, but do you really think they are ready to make adult decisions at the age of 16. At that age their bodies are still going through changes and they are still learning how to become an adult. They last two years of high school are important and it helps teenagers to prepare for what is in stored for them. Maybe one day we would be ready to have teenagers graduate early, but there are still too many problems in our school system to have that happen. We need to focus on fixing the problem within our education system instead of getting rid of high schools. High school is there to fine tune the necessary skills we need to succeed in life without them most people would not be where they are today. Although Botstein made some good points about high school and the way our society deals with teenagers, we need to put all of our energy in changing the high school system instead of just abolishing it. Reference Botstein, L. (2007). Let Teenagers Try Adulthood. In B. Spatt, Writing from Sources (pp. 175-177). Boston: Bedford/ St. Martin’s.

Rise of Stalin

Essay Topic: â€Å"People can be swept along by events, whilst others use events to their advantage† How accurate is this statement in relation to the rise of power of either Joseph Stalin or Benito Mussolini? Joseph Stalin’s rise to power in relation to the statement â€Å"People can be swept along by events, whilst others use events to their advantage† is that of the latter when taking a look at how he was able to rise to the position of dictator of the Soviet Union.Stalin meticulously plotted his way into power using influential events, such as the occurrence of his promotion to General Secretary in which he displayed political skills to manipulate political situations, and also the influential post of liaising between Lenin and the Politburo with great success. Though his ascent to the leadership of the Soviet Union was neither easy nor inevitable, Stalin’s success was not an accident. He had tactics in place to gain the position, and Lenin’s de ath was the most major of all events that Stalin used to his advantage to take power.Relative to the statement, Stalin climbed the political ranks by being a loyal supporter and member to the Bolshevik party. Stalin, born in Georgia, and educated at Tiflis Theological College until he was expelled in 1899 for his revolutionary ideas, had joined Lenin's party as early as 1903 and thus was one of the Old Guard among Bolsheviks. To begin with, Stalin was one of Lenin’s favourites, and in 1912, Lenin, appointed him to serve on the first Central Committee of the Bolshevik Party. SparkNotes, 27/2/13) Stalin worked his way up the political ranks of the communist Bolshevik Party, gaining respect for doing many of the dirty jobs that no-one else wanted such as robbing banks to fund the Bolshevik Party . Between 1917 and 1922, Lenin gave Stalin three key jobs, People’s Commissar for Nationalities, Head of Workers’ and Peasants’ Inspectorate, and Liaison Officer whi ch gave him a position of some importance amongst the party. However, in 1922, what can now be described as his most influential appointment to occur, Stalin was chosen to be General Secretary of the Communist Party. JohndClare, 27/2/13) His appointment to General Secretary was the most important occurrence in the buildup to Stalin’s battle for power as was the view of British Marxist Historian Edward Carr, who believed the rise of Stalin was due to the Party and the post as General Secretary. At the time this event appeared insignificant, most members in the party saw the job as quite dull and unimportant, but Stalin used it to his advantage with great success. (JohndClare, 1/3/13) The position gave him benefits which allowed him to influence the direction of the Communist Party.The General Secretary position gave Stalin the power to expel or appoint people to posts, and control membership, therefore allowing Stalin to surround himself in the party with his supporters and re move those loyal to his enemies. He had accumulated enormous power into his hands. However, by 1923 Lenin’s thoughts had differed, he had become worried about Stalin, describing him as too brutal and self-serving â€Å"†¦ I am not sure that he will always know how to use that power with sufficient caution. † Fortunately for Stalin, he remained General Secretary until and beyond Lenin’s death.Without the post, Stalin would have found it near impossible to gain enough supporters and authority in order to rise to the heights of power. (Reed, 1967) Stalin was an opportunist, and the deterioration and then death of Lenin surfaced the important question as to who would succeed him. When Lenin died, it created a confused and uncertain atmosphere to the party, however, Stalin was ready. Not only had Stalin claimed to be the true heir of the master’s legacy at Lenin’s funeral, but he also used Lenin’s death to emulate the glow of Lenin’s achievements by skilfully manipulating the dead leader’s legacy for his own ends. Suite101, 4/3/13) This event provided the chance for Stalin to ride on the movement of popular enthusiasm for Lenin and his accomplishments. Though, despite having an accomplished political position, and having effectively executed his tactics of surrounding himself with his supporters, Stalin’s quest for power was hampered by the revelation in Lenin’s Testament â€Å"I suggest the comrades think about a way of removing Stalin from that post and appointing another man. † Through this revelation, Lenin’s death was the time for Stalin to put his plans into practice.Succession of Lenin would be achieved at the defeat of his insufficient political rivals. He would do this by out-manoeuvring them through political brilliance and ruthlessness. Everybody expected Trotsky the incredible leader of the Red Army would take over the leadership. (Reed, 1967) Stalin and Trotsky wer e therefore in competition for leadership as Trotsky was his main challenge. Their rivalry moved from relatively minor antagonisms and jealousies to bitter competition for the role of Lenin's successor. (Pereira, 1992) Stalin furthermore used his additional jobs such as networking between Lenin and the Politburo when Lenin was ill.This meant that he controlled access to Lenin, and in doing so was able to send Trotsky the wrong date for Lenin’s funeral. Trotsky’s noted absence from Lenin’s funeral resulted in him being depicted as an arrogant character, and consequently Trotsky’s colleagues overlooked his excellent leadership for his big-headed attitude. Stalin therefore formed an alliance with left wing Zinoviev and Kamenev to cover up Lenin’s testament and get Trotsky dismissed in 1925. He then jumped ships to rightist side and encouraged ‘Socialism in one country’ as opposed to ‘World Socialism’ which resulted in the dis missal of Zinoviev and Kamenev.Lastly, he used the General Secretary position to argue that the New Economic Policy was against communism, leading to the dismissal of the right wing Bukharin, Rykov and Tomsky. (JohndClare, 5/3/13) Stalin’s political cleverness was the difference between him and his rivals as viewed by historian Chris Ward, â€Å"Trotsky and Bukharin might win the argument, but Stalin invariably won the vote†. Stalin had longed to be a hero and leader, (Reed, 1967) so he used everything he had to his greatest advantage â€Å"He’s not an intellectual like the other people you will meet †¦ but he knows what he wants.He’s got willpower, and he’s going to be on top of the pile someday† as viewed in Author John Reed’s seemingly accurate prediction on the outcome of Stalin. (Reed, 1919, 96) Stalin gained office after office, as he climbed the political ladder, though not until 1929 had he consolidated his position as he ad of the Communist Party. His ambition and highly calculated approach was a major factor to securing power. Though most importantly, his ascent to leadership was based on the various positions he held in the party and his ability to use them as an edge over his opponents with great skill at the death of his predecessor.His desire to become leader of the Soviet Union was developed by his appointment to General Secretary. However, the death of Lenin opened the door for opportunity. Stalin was an opportunist. He was able to rise to the power how he did because he recognised the importance of each event as they came, and used them to his own advantage. Bibliography: Internet * Stalin Takes Power, accessed 28. 2. 13 http://www. johndclare. net/Russ9. htm * Brett Reed,  European History, 1967, accessed 28. 2. 13 http://www. johndclare. net/Russ_Rev_Brett. htm Infoplease, The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Copyright  © 2011, Columbia University Press, http://www. infoplease. com/en cyclopedia/people/stalin-joseph-vissarionovich-rise-to-power. html * SparkNotes Editors. â€Å"SparkNote on Joseph Stalin. † 2005. http://www. sparknotes. com/biography/stalin/ accessed February 27. 2. 13 * Moreorless, Joseph Stalin, Last modified 21 January 2013, accessed 4. 3. 13 http://www. moreorless. au. com/killers/stalin. html * Alan Kinghorn, Suite101, January 30 2011, accessed 4. 3. 13 http://suite101. om/article/stalin-and-the-battle-to-succeed-lenin-a340177 * Norman Pereira, HistoryToday, Stalin and the communist Party in the 1920s, Published 1992, Viewed 9. 3. 13, http://www. historytoday. com/norman-pereira/stalin-and-communist-party-1920s Books * Josh Brooman, 1994, Russia and the USSR: Empire of Revolution, Longman Group Limited, Essex * John Reed, 1919, Ten Days that shook the World, 1919, Boni & Liveright, New York * Dean Smart, 1998, Russia under Lenin and Stalin, Stanley Thornes, Ellenborough * Steve Phillips, 2000, Lenin and the Russian Revolution, Heinema nn

Psychology and Pets Essay

When you are tired of stress from work, pets can encourage you to go out for a walk to release stress or play with you in the garden. Pets bring you some moments of relaxation and mind refreshment, which makes you never feel lonely even when you live with no one. It is obvious that pets can create new attitudes towards life for people, particularly for the disabled and withdrawn who are always not confident in communicating or taking part in social activities. By keeping pets, they may become more sociable, open and approachable because they can interact, â€Å"communicate† and play with their pets. Due to the advantages it offers, keeping pets becomes a popular, especially in Eastern countries, for the older generation, who often live far from their children. In these situations, pets are truly their close friends, helping them remove the feeling of emptiness and loneliness. The companionship of pets may meet some basic human needs, which is not easily explained in theory but is believed by most people. Pets guard houses and save people’s lives. In many cases, people choose to keep dogs for their home security. The houses will become safer because strangers might be scared that they will be attacked by the animals inside. When you are out and you leave your house empty, you do not have to worry that burglars may break into the house and take away valuable assets even when you return home at mid night. If there is any intruder or strange persons around your house, dogs will bark loudly, making a noise to frighten the stranger and give you a warning. Pets can protect not only the assets but also save people’s lives. Dogs and sometimes cats can attack the burglars to protect the owners in case they are harmed. Many owners can stay alive due to the protection from the dogs they keep in their houses. Pets enhance nice behavior among children Researchers showed that children who usually play with pets can behave nicely and become more caring. Playing with pets and learning how to treat them with love may help uncommunicative children be agile and affable, which is important for their growth in the distant future. Kids sometimes find no interest in getting outside, but they may alter their decisions immediately if they see that they can take a cat or a dog along. Teenagers, whose parents are too busy to spend time with them, sometimes have to face with bland lives and loneliness. In these scenarios, they consider pets to be their alter ego who they can play and talk with, which can solve some kind of emotional problems that children are vulnerable to get. It is believed that teaching kids to treat kittens and puppies with care and kindness is of great importance for forming their behaviors and characteristics. To sum up, keeping pets is not merely a habit but is one way of relaxation and amusement. Moreover, keeping pets does not only guard your house but also fulfills some basic mental human needs.

Career Goals : A Hospital Executive Director

When hiring a CEO for the hospital, it is imperative that the board’s selection process contains depth. To add additional depth to Mr. Bain’s selection process, I will submit to the board that we should implement additional screening measures. First, thorough reference checks would augment the board’s efforts towards determining if Mr. Bain is the ideal CEO candidate for the hospital. Second, an exhaustive background check is critical to ensure Mr. Bain’s history is conducive with the hospital’s†¦ office or the hospital for a simple sonogram and wondered wow that’s really cool? Have you ever been so fascinated with the entire experience that you wanted to research and find out more information? Or, maybe you weren’t fascinated at all because you didn’t understand the process and what was going on. Well, I have been on both sides of the fence and the more information that I can find the more fascinated I am. I look forward to sharing it all with you as well as my future career goals. Throughout†¦ Career Goal Rough Draft My overall goal is to become a RN while obtaining my BSN and have a career at in the neonatal or pediatric field. I believe time management, hard work, dedication and the desire to succeed are important keys to success. My 3 goals to reach to accomplish my overall goal are to obtain my associate degree in nursing at TCC, seek and gain employment at a hospital and finally to apply and complete the RN-BSN program at UTA. My first goal, obtain associate degree in nursing at†¦ Kate Guzman, RN, MS, is the Associate Director of the Corner Health Center in Ypsilanti, Michigan. Originally a small clinic in the corner of a local high school, the Corner is now a freestanding school-linked health center, serving adolescents ages 12-25 and offers a full range of primary health care, mental health and supportive services. The Corner’s mission is to help young people make healthy choices now and in the future by providing high-quality primary health care, education and support for†¦ would have been my highest goal and accomplishment. That was two years ago, my current goals and ambitions are to not only attend UCLA but to graduate Nursing school with at least my masters in nursing. I realized settling for third best or even second best was not good enough anymore, in order to excel in college and perform my best in my undergraduates study I need to be determined, focused, and goal oriented. Getting into UCLA and into the nursing school are not just goals to me that seem so far†¦ effective manner to solve problems and meet goals. Now, to be a good leader you need leadership training as well as an organization that allows you to use resources as effectively and efficiently as need be and to trust you to make good decisions regarding conflict, ethical VS. unethical behaviors, and workplace politics. To complete this leadership interview so I could better understand leadership in management I interviewed Virginia Wood, the executive director at the Brennity of Melbourne, a retirement†¦ medical field. I have planned for this career since I was a little girl. My mother started talking to me about college when I was in elementary school. I can remember sitting in the back seat as she drove, and I listened to her talk about me going to college. College was always on my mind. As I grew older we went from discussing going to college to what I wanted my career to be. I’ve laid out the steps that will get me to my educational and career goal dreams. In junior high my dad was in a†¦ NIGHTINGALE COMMUNITY HOSPITAL. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY FOR CURRENT COMPLIANCE STATUS FOR INFECTION CONTROL STANDARDS UNDER JAHCO. May 07, 2011 Nightingale Community Hospital Mission Nightingale Community Hospital provides professional care that ensures total security and satisfaction to those who wish to benefit from our care. Out of concern†¦ Good Evening, Thanks, Ken. I’m Ben Stahl, the Interim Executive Director of Veterans Leadership Program of Western Pennsylvania. Tonight we are here to pay Tribute to our nation 's Veterans. This event brings together Veterans from all generations to not only to share that which we have in common, but also to celebrate those whose accomplishments demand recognition, and to honor those whose sacrifices to our nation we must hold sacred. Growing up in the Mon Valley in the 1980’s, I have witnessed†¦ â€Å"Knowledge is power. You can 't begin a career, for that matter even a relationship, unless you know everything there is to know about it.†-Randeep. My personal career goal was decision that I had to critically think about. They are many career options that you can choose from and it can be hard to narrow it down to the one that best suit to your talent. With that being said, I have decided that my career goal is to be a marketing manager which are responsible for managing marketing, advertising†¦

Earth systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Earth systems - Essay Example posing a problem to the environment is the fact that the concentration of ozone in the ground-level is increasing while ozone in the stratospheric level is diminishing (Wright 774). This is a global environmental predicament because the stratospheric ozone has beneficial use while ground-level ozone produces detrimental effects. The stratospheric ozone layer was discovered sometime in the 1870s when scientists, led by G.M Dobson, observed the diminished amount of UV rays as they reach the earth’s surface, eventually attributing this phenomenon to ozone. By deduction, they concluded that the concentration of ozone in the upper atmosphere is higher than that nearer to the ground. A century later, it was discovered that certain elements could pose threat to this layer. When the US was planning to build supersonic transport planes (SST), studies revealed that the nitrogen oxide they would emit in the stratosphere layer, where they would be expected fly most of the time at a speed three times to that of sound and at an altitude of 12.4 miles, could destroy ozone (Konvicka 272). In the stratosphere, ozone is formed through a process called photolysis, when oxygen in the atmosphere is bombarded by solar UV radiation. This causes the two atoms of oxygen to split apart and merge with the atoms of other oxygen. The ozone gases then bond to form the ozone layer. This layer of ozone forms between 12 and 15 miles above the earth and protects it as well as life on it from dangerous UV solar radiation (Butz 376; Onursal et al 19). Ozone formation and destruction in the atmosphere occurs continuously and cyclically every time the UV rays of the sun act upon them, causing the breakdown of the gas and converting the resulting energy into heat. The heat raises the temperature at higher altitudes blocking the entry of the ultraviolet rays to the lower levels of the atmosphere. The split oxygen atoms then re-bond with the atoms of other oxygen to form new ozone. This continuous

To what extent can improvements in productive flow and product quality Essay

To what extent can improvements in productive flow and product quality lead to an increase in sales and profit - Essay Example Products perform poorly in the market because of a number of reasons. The marketing manager determines all these and devises a plan of ensuring that the product regains its dominance in the market. Product quality is one great determinant of the performance of the product in the market. Manipulation of the product quality has the potential of either improving or decreasing sales. Any market is mostly divided into two; there is a segment that attaches a lot of importance on the quality of a product. These consumers are never greatly concerned with the price of the product. They spend any amount of money to obtain a high quality product. This group of consumers includes the middle and the high-class members of the society. They carry out most of their shopping expeditions in super stores and legitimate outlets. Their buy genuine products most of which are manufactured by famous brands. The second group of consumers is one that have their actions dictated by the price of the commodity. These shoppers attach little value on quality and tend to stick to the basics of either a product or a service. This group constitutes the lower class members of the society. ... A business therefore needs to evaluate itself and determine its market group. The qualities oriented are unfortunately never the majority in most cases. A product targeting this market will therefore sell small quantity but at high prices. This results in adequate profit to keep the company in operation. The price-oriented shoppers are the majority in every economy; a product targeting them will sell a lot given their big number but at very low prices. Without effective management between the cost of production and the selling price, some of such products incur losses resulting in the closure of such companies. It thus is a prerequisite that a business organization carries out an effective business research to determine its market and all the requirements of the niche (Bogomolova, 2011). The process of improving sales and profits of a particular product begin with the evaluation of the performance of the product. After determining the market segment in which to operate, the investor decides on the quality level of products to produce for the very market. Quality of products is likely to attract more clients but only if the product targeted the quality oriented market segment. Quality of a product encompasses a number of the product features such as product life or even durability. Customers are attracted more to durable products. By increasing the durability of an electronic or the shelf life of some perishable products through addition of preservatives, a company becomes more likely to register improved sales. However, durable products mean that after buying, a client stays away from the shop for a very long time, which may hamper the sales in a way. Another basic way of improving quality of a product is to improve its packaging. The shape, color

An Analysis of a Consequentialist Claim in the Dalai Lama Essay

An Analysis of a Consequentialist Claim in the Dalai Lama - Essay Example Issues to do with the rise in population and the advancement of technology are affecting the nature. He says that the environmental disasters being witnessed are due to our irresponsible behavior. Lama gives a case example of Tibet where he grew up and the changes in environment that have undergone in the past years and its consequences (Gyatso 1). According to Lama, Tibet was once a wildlife paradise. The wildlife in Tibet was rarely hunted and hunting only occurred in the remote areas where crops could not be planted. It was a custom for the government officials to make a proclamation on protecting wildlife. He claims that there were no provisions to harm the animals whether on land or in water, in fact, the only animals allowed to do so were the wolves and rats. However, the contribution of hunting in the loss of wildlife is not significant (Gyatso 1). He offers a vivid picture of Tibet when he was young. During his travelling at that time, he used to see a number of species on the way. These species range from mammals to birds. He recalls how he interacted with the animals and other forms of nature (Gyatso 1). The wildlife is long gone and this is due to the loss of habitat and partly due to hunting. Only a small fraction of the habitat remains in Tibet. The forests in Tibet are also gone; he compares the present state of Tibet forest with a clean shaven monk’s head. He says that the solutions lie within us and there is need to fix our behaviors not the environment; technology does not offer most of the solutions (Gyatso 1). The argument of Dalai Lama is valid to some extent. The source of environmental destruction is from the human beings. This is true because most of the activities done by human beings including industrialization affect the environment negatively. Most of the environmental disasters like floods are due to deforestation and the destruction of habitats. Thus, his claim that environmental disasters are due to our irresponsible

Religious nationalism in India and how it relates to globalization Essay

Religious nationalism in India and how it relates to globalization - Essay Example Religious nationalism in India and how it affects the economic development of India has been well portrayed in the book "Religious Nationalism: Hindus and Muslims in India" by Peter Van der Veer. The author has considered many factors such as religious movements, discourses and practices, which retard the progress of globalization process in India which are untouched by others so far. The book extensively reviewed the structure of major Indian religions Hindu and Muslim identities in India. The Ayodhya issue ( Babri Masjid demolition by Hindu fundamentalists) which contributed immensely to the current conflicts between the Hindus and Muslims in India. The author argues that larger frameworks of locality were already available in India before the colonial era and the religious nationalism has builds on such earlier frameworks. The rituals of the larger community, Hindu have been incorporated to religious nationalism in this book. He claims that the transnational experiences reinforce the nationalists and religious identity in India. He attributes the Ayodhya issue as a conscious, planned action by religious and political movement. The interpretations of history in favour of either community by the fundamentalists enlarged the Hindu Muslim conflicts further. The author argues that religious nationalism combines anti-historical feature of religious discourse with an empiricist search for â€Å"facts† that has been highly influenced by orientalism, in this book. In this book Van der Veer looks, from a comparative perspective, at the development of Hindu, Sikh, and Muslim religious communities. Religious nationalism in the past 2 centuries builds on the forms of religious identities. This book also discusses the features and implications of the languages Hindi and Urdu used by Hindus and Muslims. The author tries to relate these languages to sacred languages Sanskrit used by the Hindus and Arabic used by Muslims. The book tries to

Social issue paper on organ donation and how we need to fix the Essay

Social issue paper on organ donation and how we need to fix the waiting period so people aren't turning to illegal trafficking - Essay Example From research, I can conclude that the result has been organ trafficking and other illegal means of obtaining organs since people believe that they cannot follow formal procedures that take too much time and are mostly futile. Organ trafficking has been highlighted, severally, as a rising concern by the United Nations and other international organizations like the World Health Organization. The effects of this latest vice are far-reaching and destroy many lives directly and indirectly. However, what is the solution to this problem? Actually, I think that there are two dilemmas that need to be solved in order to make organ donation safer and formal. First, the trafficking of organs must be reduced and if possible eliminated to avoid the short-term and long-term negative consequences of the vice (Claybourne, 2012). Secondly, healthcare facilities, in collaboration with governments, should work out a way to reduce the waiting time and limit the desperate measures patients resort to in order to replace their organs. The organ trafficking industry is growing, supported by rising demand as well as illegal traffickers. Although waiting lists for organs are growing longer in developed nations, selling organs in poor nations is a temptation that many cannot resist. The rising demand for organs has significantly caused an intensification in organ trafficking across the world, and the challenges associated with transplantation are driving ethical concerns about organ trafficking and its victims to the top of the global agenda. According to Chan & Ross (2012), organ trafficking happens in 3 broad categories. Firstly, there are instances where traffickers compel or cheat the victims into donating organs. Secondly, there are instances where victims formally or informally consent to sell organs are deceived because they not remunerated for the organ or are paid less than the agreed price. Finally,

Discussion Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 57

Discussion - Assignment Example Another primary rule of delegation that was violated is with regard to the fact that the charge nurse did not choose the right person to delegate to. Instead of checking to ensure that the individual had prior training or was capable of performing such a task, the charge nurse instead merely demanded that it be done with no further instructions. This created a hostile environment in which further questions or seeking out advice was stunted (True et al., 2014). In terms of how the unlicensed staff member could have advocated for herself, it would be necessary for this individual to make a clear and demonstrable assertion that as she was unlicensed, it would be not only against the law but potentially harmful to the patient for her to perform such a task. Finally, in the event that this author were working with the charge nurse, it would be necessary to say calmly that you would be more than happy to help in another way. However, performing the duty in question would be a violation of the law and could land both of you in trouble; as the individual does not have requisite training on the matter. True, G., Stewart, G., Lampman, M., Pelak, M., & Solimeo, S. (2014). Teamwork and Delegation in Medical Homes: Primary Care Staff Perspectives in the Veterans Health Administration.  Inflammopharmacology,  29632-639.

The challenges of the HR executive in 2013 Research Paper

The challenges of the HR executive in 2013 - Research Paper Example As Indian organizations realize the need for professional HRM, there is a high demand for HR professionals as well. Reports indicate that during 2008 the attrition of HR professional in the growing IT sector is the highest at 20%, while turnover rate for core IT professionals known for high attrition is 18%. Additionally, in many organizations, line professional adopt the role of the HR and that too with great success. The CEOs are concerned about the issues related to people placed by the top leadership in HRM organizations. However, the Accenture report identifies most CEOs, which doubt on the ability of a large section of HR functionaries to be strategic business partners. The reasons behind the failure of organizational leadership is to encourage HR to move to the front lines from their traditional roles as a back-room support and crisis-handler, and the inability of HR function to align with business. With the development of the knowledge industry and recruiting high demand for people, the HR functions started to take a strategic focus. The applicability of HR functions is not only confined to business establishments but also to non-business organizations. Supporters of HRM claimed that the HR manager is a change agent and a transformational leader, and his or her functions are panacea for all organizational ills and social events. Therefore, the term human resource implies to the availability of man power for supply, which can be drawn and used to accomplish a task. Resources appear as a cost in traditional accounting services (Grahamm, 2005, p.5). Present status of Human Resource Management in organizations. HR executive is usually the vice president of an organization. They carry the responsibility of linking the firm’s corporate policy and strategy with HRM. In a weak economy, it is difficult for the hr executives today to reward the employees for their performance. The present condition of the nation’s employment rate remains at 9.1% (Ru she & MacAskill, 2011). Therefore, to improve the nation’s economy HR executives are providing new opportunities to the top technical talent. According to the HR professionals, managing the company’s brand image became challenging role for them to exist in the competitive market. Therefore, the use of internet facilitates the HR executives today to attract and recruit the new talents for their organizations. It also enables the companies to search for talent cutting across time and distance constraints. Using social networking sites like Facebook, Linkedln help the HR executives to connect with the new talents. We can take the example of the LinkedIn, created a small team in their organization, which will focus on only providing opportunities to the prospective employees to work in companies like Mountain View and Calf. In August, Linkedln invited students from different colleges nearby to take active participation in computer programming event organized in their headq uarters. The main motive behind this participation in computer programming event was only to give them an exposure in their organization culture and to promote their company to attract the new talents. Now day’s companies are trying to create their presence in social media in order to connect with the new talents. Taking another example of one of the world’s leading professional service organization Ernst & Young

Redevelopment of Manila City Jail Essay Example for Free

Redevelopment of Manila City Jail Essay Manila, Philippines—Filinvest Land Inc. has bagged a deal to redevelop a 1. 2-hectare property owned by the government that was the site of the old Cebu City jail on Salinas Drive in Lahug to turn it into a business process outsourcing complex. In a disclosure to the Philippine Stock Exchange on Tuesday, the property developer announced that it had submitted the winning build-transfer-operate proposal and complied with the requirements contained in the notice of award from the Economic Enterprise Council under the Office of the Governor of the Province of Cebu. The lot used to be occupied by the Bagong Buhay Rehabilitation Center and the Cebu City Treatment and Rehabilitation Center. â€Å"FLI remains bullish on the BPO sector and is rapidly expanding its office portfolio to meet the needs of the industry,† the disclosure said. â€Å"FLI believes that Cebu, in particular, has good potential for this business. † This represents an expansion of FLI’s interest in Cebu. It is currently developing the 50. 6-hectare Citta di Mare in the South Road Properties. Two mid-rise building projects, Amalfi Oasis and San Remo Oasis, are also currently being constructed under a joint venture with the Cebu City Government. Land development works on the Il Corso lifestyle strip are likewise ongoing. Other ongoing projects of FLI include One Oasis Cebu, a 3. 7 hectare mid-rise development with a total of 10 buildings adjacent to the Cebu Golf and Country Club. Two buildings have been completed and a third is targeted for completion by year-end. Finally, FLI’s Grand Cenia Hotel and Residences condotel has recently started operations as Quest Hotel and Conference Center, a three-star hotel complete with business and conference facilities. The Cebu project also scales up FLI’s BPO portfolio. As of the end of 2011, it had over 170,000 square meters of gross leasable area (GLA) from 12 buildings in Northgate Cyberzone in Filinvest Corporate City in Muntinlupa City and PBCom Tower in Makati City. At Northgate Cyberzone, another building is currently under construction and will add close to 20,000 square meters of GLA in the first half of 2013, while a 14th building is targeted to break ground within the year with a GLA of 13,000 square meters. Vector Two, which was completed in the fourth quarter of 2011, is fully taken-up and has been turned over for tenant fit-outs, the disclosure said. Meanwhile, FLI is constructing a five-storey building along EDSA across the Asian Development Bank building which is expected to be completed within 2012.

Weaknesses Of The Eurozone Economics Essay

Weaknesses Of The Eurozone Economics Essay Robert Mundell described the Bretton Woods System as Hamlet without the Prince due to the lack of a unified currency in the form of a monetary union expressed as Bancor or Unitas. Given the experience of EMU, does this analysis still hold theoretically and/or empirically? Discuss. Introduction of EMU In 1999, the European Central Bank (ECB) launched the single currency (euro) together with the foundation of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). The EMU is based on the existence of the euro as a common currency. The ECB supervises the implementation of a common monetary policy. At the beginning of 2002, euro replaced the national currencies of 12 member countries for all transactions. Sweden, Denmark, and the United Kingdom joined European Union (EU) but did not join the euro. In 2004, there were ten new member countries joined the EU, five of them joined the euro. The prior monetary unions are unsuccessful as they rested on the value of metals (i.e. gold or silver). The money printed should be determined by the silver of gold stored, therefore the Metallism monetary system is a stable system since silver and gold are scarce resources. The EMU rests on the euro or chartalism, as fiat money which is issued by a central national bank. The credit level of the issuing body is important to determine the value and stability of the fiat money. The stability of the country in terms of economic and political will in turn determine the credit level. However, when the treasury is unable to finance the deficit, fiat monies can become unstable due to the temptation of the inflationary tax or seigniorage. In order to achieve and sustain the stability, the EMU needs an economic union and a monetary union. Economic union is achieved by complying with the Stability and Growth Pact (SGP). The goal of SGP is to maintain fiscal stability through implementation of specific fiscal requirements among member states of EMU. The strength of the Eurozone rests completely on the credibility of the requirements set when the EMU was being implemented and the ECB was established. However, if member states are not respect or follow the set requirements, the credibility level of Eurozone will be affected and as a result negatively affect the euro. Mundells Theories The original idea of a common currency in Europe was derived from the theory of Robert Mundell on the areas of optimal currency. In his paper A plan for a European Currency in 1973, Mundell clarified the gains of European countries if they adopt a common currency. The works of Mundell have been classified into two categories by Ronald McKinnon (2004). Mundell I In 1961, Mundell published his paper entitled A Theory of Optimal Currency Areas which is rooted in Keynesian ideas. The theory of Optimum Currency Areas (OCAs) studies how countries with a monetary union and common currency adjust, if these countries are affected by asymmetric economic shocks. Mundell point out that adjustments are based on whether wages are rigid, labour mobility is limited, income transfers are difficult, and differences exist in the labour market and growth rates. Mundell claimed that when countries are in a monetary union and use a common currency, they cannot absorb asymmetric shocks properly unless, among other circumstances, labour mobility is unlimited. Mundell II In Mundells article Uncommon arguments for common currencies which published in 1973, an alternative theory is illustrated. Mundell emphasised the common currency assures an automatic and equal sharing of the risk of the fluctuation, a common currency has advantages in overcoming economic shocks. Mundell II argues that it is easier for member countries to stay inside a monetary union than outside it since the private insurance would assist against asymmetric shocks. More specifically, it will be easier for member countries to borrow in the capital markets of the monetary union when hitting by a negative shock, as a result it will be easier for member countries to smooth consumption. In addition, the exchange rate would be a source in arising asymmetric disturbances; especially capital mobility of financial market is very high. The criticism of Mundell II becomes more obvious in terms of political context. If financial markets in a monetary union provide insurance to reduce asymmetric shocks, the need to integrate national budgets for political means becomes weaker. Hence the motive to form a political union is even weaker. However, the Mundell II point out that if there is no budgetary union, it would be optimistic to say that private financial markets would provide insurance against asymmetric shocks. The financial markets will only provide insurance to those who possess high assets stock in the financial markets. Since wealth is not equally distributed, the private provision of insurance will overwhelmingly support the wealthy and keep the poor relatively uninsured. In addition, the Mundell II theory ignored the possibility that countries may involve in a position of a bad equilibrium. If there are not adequate instruments to lead the economy out of the bad equilibrium, countries would get caught in the bad equilibrium after a negative shock. It is a major problem for the future of EMU if there is no adequate instrument in a monetary union. This is reinforced by the fact that different member countries of EMU continue to work in different directions due to the absence of a political union. Weaknesses of the Eurozone In the last ten years, the euro has demonstrated that there are many efficiency gains by adopting a common currency (i.e. reduced transaction costs of exchanging currencies, eliminated exchange rate uncertainty, and increased transparency in prices), particularly if the currency becomes not only an international currency but also a global currency. However, maintaining various standards requires difficult adjustments and constant surveillance of every single member state in Eurozone. As the economic crisis has hit the world, certain Eurozone Member States Greece, Portugal and Spain are being seriously affected. The Greek tragedy is making the EU realize that highly indebted countries can put the EMU at risk and that measures must be taken without delay. Institutional Weakness Article 102.a of the Maastricht Treaty establishes that member states and the community should conduct their economic policies with a view to contributing to the achievement of the objectives of the Community. In order to guide Article 102.a, Article 103 highlights that the correct implementation of economic policies is a matter of common, stating that Member States [are to] coordinate them within the Council, in accordance with the provisions of Article 102a. Article 103 also highlights that it is important to avoid excessive deficits of each government. There is an obvious institutional weakness in terms of monetary policies. The Maastricht Treaty had defined the objectives of the ECB which is price stability. ECB has defined an inflation rate below 2% as the objective of price stability. In addition, in terms of unemployment, the rest of society is not convinced and will not easily accept the attempt of the ECB to release itself from any responsibility for unemployment. However, t he delegation of the responsibility of unemployment to the governments of each member country creates a political problem. The purposes of SGP contain that member countries should avoid excessive debt and deficits and each member country should maintain fiscal stability. There are two important two Council Regulations in SGP (i.e. Regulations 1466/97 and 1467/97). These two regulations require member countries of the EU must comply with to help contribute to the overall climate of stability and financial prudence underpinning the success of the EMU. The Council Regulation 1466/97 set out the details of stability programs (i.e. submission and monitoring regulations) and convergence programs. The ultimate purpose of the multilateral surveillance by the Council is to prevent, at an early stage, the occurrence of excessive general government deficits and to promote the surveillance and coordination of economic policies. The purpose of regulation 1467/97 is to clarify the excessive deficit procedure to deter excessive government deficits (European Navigator 1997, 2). However, the SGP is not sustainable due to the lack of accountability of the EU commission. Hence, the national governments are bound to win when conflict arises. The problem will exist as long as national governments continue to possess the sovereignty over spending and taxation. Political integration De Grauwe (2006) acknowledged that the EMU is a remarkable accomplishment, but the absence of a political union is a major weakness in the Eurozone governance. Grauwes view is consistent with the findings of Nitsch on the political integration. He conclude that political integration is not rapidly followed by economic integration (Nitsch and Wolf 1). Grauwe point out in his article that national governments holding most economic policies decision creates asymmetric shocks. The asymmetric shocks truly affect the sustainability of the monetary union. For example, member countries of the Eurozone have different competitive positions due to the uncoordinated policies of each member country in relation to national wage. Italy, Ireland, Portugal, Greece and Spain were in constant financial and economic turmoil before the adoption of the euro. The turmoil situation disappeared due to the economic booming of the past years. These five countries have barely met the requirements of monetary and economic stability and are becoming increasingly difficult to maintain the stability. For the past years, these countries are not only suffering from excessive deficits and debts, but also economic unbalances (i.e. excessive current account deficits). The current account positions are becoming worse due to, among other reasons, their extremely uncompetitive trade position. As a consequence, they are beginning to blame the euro. The problem that these countries are facing originates from the fact that monetary union amplifies fiscal imbalances. Opting for devaluation of a competitive currency is not an option and the only other alternative stems from forcing differentials of bond yield reduced. In 2005 there were almost no yield differentials between the German Bund and the yields of those countries with excessive current-account deficits. In 2009, however, yield spreads has increased government default risks measured by a sudden increase in the demand for credit default swaps. Hence, the current economic crisis has demonstrated that currency risk is replaced by default risk in a monetary union. There are two reasons for this situation: 1) the sovereign debt of each member country is issued under the control of each Ministry of Finance, 2) there is no European Ministry of Finance. The Germans has proposed the creation of a European Monetary Fund, the French league has proposed the creation of a European Debt Agency which required that the Lisbon Treaty were amended or that a new treaty were negotiated. Many people blamed this situation due to the lack of a common bond market which would help to put all members together. Some people reject the suggestion based on the fact that a common bond market would lower borrowing costs for weaker countries and increase costs for stronger countries such as Germany. In addition, the common bond market would obtain the budget rights from each governments which would not be able to make national budgets by themselves. Exit clause For years some countries have not respect or followed the requirements listed in the Maastricht Treaty and are now facing extremely difficult economic situations. It is obvious in the current crisis that there is no political homogeneity among member countries from a political point of view. As a result, each member country has implemented its own particular economic model and how to conduct its own economic model. In addition, Greece, Spain, and Portugal do not truly realise that their economic models are embedded in a globalised economy and these countries need to implement a set of painful structural reforms to keep them competitive. From the economic point of view, the countries in trouble have two major common reasons. The reasons are the lack of respect for the requirements and the lack of appropriate implementation of the structural reforms required under an economic recession. Currently there are debates on what should or should not be done with these countries. However, there are not room to manoeuvre this situation under the current legal framework. Expulsion of these countries from the Eurozone is not a good choice as it would definitely hurt the image of the EU and its member countries. Many scholars, economists propose that voluntary withdrawal from only the Eurozone while staying in the EU to would be the most beneficial option. The legal framework the Treaty of Lisbon, does not provide the necessary methods to deal with problems of withdrawal, expulsion from Eurozone nor any other similar problem that might arrive soon. First, the Treaty of Lisbon has the no-bailout clause to prevent a budgetary problem in one country spilling over the EU as a whole. The no-bailout clause prohibits member countries from rescuing other countries or from accepting the debts of other countries. However, the Article 122 of Lisbon Treaty states that any member country seriously threatened with severe difficulties caused by natural disasters or exceptional occurrences beyond its control can receive financial assistance from other members. The question is whether a member countrys current debt crisis could qualify as an exceptional occurrence and not a man-made issue. This clause was inserted to strengthen unity and commitment of Eurozone. But the reality is that some countries are possessing extremely high level debts and defici ts far exceeding the requirements. Therefore, there are not many methods for to assist these financial troubled countries under the current circumstances. The Articles 4(2), 118, and 123(4) explicitly indicates that the process for adoption of the Euro is irreversible. Participation of the EMU becomes a legal obligation due to the irrevocability of the agreement and the monetary union process. Thus, the exit option of leaving EMU while staying in the EU is impossible. The exit option is only allowed to exit the EU and EMU altogether. In addition, there is no clear mechanism by which members could expel a fellow country. The expulsion could only be possible if the treaty were amended and provided that all member countries respond favourably to this amendment. Conclusion The EU and the Eurozone are suffering not only a financial crisis, but also a totally lack of appropriate structural reforms. The proper functioning of the EMU depends on the compliance with requirement provided in monetary and fiscal policies. Some member countries need to adopt urgently a number of structural reforms to promote economic growth of its own country and to stable euro as part of the EMU. Most importantly, the EMU should take this crisis as an opportunity to create a restructuring mechanism to strengthen and reform the economic, political foundations of the euro project.